Avian Flight Mechanics: A Synergy of Biology and Physics

Moksh Desai, Eklavya School Ahmedabad, India 382210

Abstract

Avian flight mechanics represent a remarkable evolutionary achievement. Numerous technological advancements have drawn inspiration from the flight capabilities of birds. This ability to fly is made possible through a sophisticated interplay of anatomical structures, aerodynamic principles, and specialized muscular adaptations. This article aims to review the physics and mechanics underlying avian flight. It explores skeletal adaptations such as the keel, furcula, and the presence of lightweight, hollow bones, as well as key flight muscles like the pectoralis and supracoracoideus. The review also delves into the complex dynamics of wing movement during upstroke and downstroke, emphasizing the critical role of wing shape and size in generating lift. Furthermore, it highlights the evolutionary transition of birds from their dinosaur ancestors, who initially developed gliding capabilities as a means of predator evasion, eventually leading to powered flight. By integrating biological and physical perspectives, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of how birds achieve and sustain flight.